Historical Investigation Essay Example for Free

Historical Investigation EssayAssess the impact of the period from 1969 1982 on the ire/Sinn Fein and their development into a significant governmental force in Federal IrelandAssess the impact of the period from 1969 1982 on the ira/Sinn Fein and their development into a significant policy-making force in Federal IrelandDuring the period from 1969-1982 both the IRA and Sinn Fein underwent significant change. Sinn Fein moved from a fringe role, in the nationalist private road of Northern Ireland, to a dominant semipolitical position. During a time of intense abandon in the region an internal discussion was taking place, deliberating on the value of armed resistance versus political engagement. The ideals that rose disclose of this transformed the movement and laid the basis for the central role it would play in the eventual Good Friday Agreement of 1998. The re-emergence of the nationalist movement led to the nobble and resurrection of groups such as the IRA. Natura lly this caused untold tension, and incidences of violence began to rise. Acts of exceptional proclaim showed the incomparable power of politics over violence and led to international science of the issue. Ultimately Sinn Fein developed into one of the most powerful political forces in Northern Ireland.After years in the dark the nationalist movement began to cursorily gain momentum when the Belfast Troubles began in 1969. The IRA had been deeply divided since 1921 when Dail Eireann chose to ratify the Anglo- Irish treaty. The treaty established the autonomous Irish Free realm whilst the province of Ulster remained under the direct control of the unite Kingdom. Despite the fact that IRA member Michael Collins had contend a role in penning the treaty there was still a major difference of opinion amid members of the IRA.1 They were divided between those who were for the establishment of the Free State and those who believed it was illegitimate and illegal. The start over the treaty led to the Irish Civil War from 1922-3. galore(postnominal) of the opposing leaders had been close friends and comrades during the Irish War of Independence. The civil war break the IRA and this rift would continue to haunt Irish politics for many years to come.In the 1960s the IRA was further marginalised as it came under the set of left wing thinkers. This caused a split between the factions of the IRA based in Dublin and Belfast.2 In 1969 the wounds of old were once stirred again when Northern Ireland was rocked by bloody sectarian rioting. The bloodiest rioting was in Belfast where seven people were killed and hundreds injured.3 Violence escalated sharply aft(prenominal) these events and new para war machine groups came into existence on either side of the conflict. The Provisional IRA received an upsurge in membership. It was from here that The Troubles, one of the most infamous periods in Irish history began.The violence was characterised by armed campaigns of para military groups. Conflict hit the streets and many innocent people were often attacked. Alongside the violence there was deadlock between the major political parties of Northern Ireland over how the province would be ad seeed and governed. 1972 saw an explosion of political violence in Northern Ireland in which many people anomic their lives. The nationalist community saw the Provisional IRA as their defenders, who began an armed campaign in reaction to loyalist provoked violence. During this period the party Sinn Fein had no interest in electoral politics.4 They voiced the need for military opposition to British rule in Northern Ireland. They gained control of the Republican movement and began to emphasis on flooding nationalist propaganda through and throughout Northern Ireland.Membership began to skyrocket as anti-British thinking ran rife. The Republican political party Sinn Fein built the foundations for a movement which in ten years would expand to have branches in every t aver in Ireland.Atrocities by loyalists and British forces themselves were used to justify the IRA as a movement and inspired many to stand up and fight for the cause they all believed in. On 30 January 19725 in the city of Derry, Northern Ireland border, perchance one of the largest single atrocities of the Troubles period occurred. During a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in the bogside area of the city members of the 1st Battalion of the British skip regiment opened fire on many unarmed protestors. Twenty seven people are known to have been shot and fourteen of those were killed with at least five of the latter confirmed as being shot in the back.6 Witnesses, including bystanders and British journalists, testify that all those shot appeared to be unarmed. Many individual atrocities occurred that day witnessed by hundreds of people. Eye witness Michael McCallion testified that A fellow came out with a white flag, no sooner had he done this when the heart and sou l of three British soldiers pulled the trigger and shot him through the head.I have witnessed this as God is my judge and I say that it was cold blooded murder.7 Testimonies such as this confirm the extreme acts of violence the British committed unnecessarily on that day. One paratrooper who gave evidence testified that they were told by an officer to expect a gunplay and we want some kills.8The reason for the uproar over such killings was the British soldiers were essentially not an occupying force simply a measure of peace between nationalist and loyalist paramilitary groups. As Catholic Bishop of Derry Edward Daly commented What really made Bloody sunlight so obscene was the fact that afterwards at the highest take aim British justice justified it.9 Acts such as this by semiofficial British forces reaffirmed the belief of many that the British politics was still the real foeman and behind the problems that continued in Northern Ireland. This justified the cause of the nati onalist movement and subsequently the IRA and Sinn Fein as well. Both organisations had now developed a strong following throughout the Republic and Northern Ireland. Whilst such occurrences did cause a great deal suffering and pain they proved useful to both the IRA and Sinn Fein in acquiring widespread support for the movement.Sinn Fein and the IRA were not officially linked but both strived for the same goal. The Provisional Irish Republican Army was a paramilitary organisation that considered itself a direct continuation of the IRA that had fought in the Irish war of Independence.10 Its stated objective was to end British rule in Ireland and withdraw Northern Irelands status as part of the join Kingdom. The Provisionals advocated for armed defence of Catholic communities in the north and an offensive campaign to end British rule. As the violence in Northern Ireland steadily increased the IRA began to call for a more aggressive campaign against British loyalists. Sinn Fein was a political party of the Republican movement. It was formed in 1970 but has traces back to the original party founded in 1905.11 The party is believed to be directly associated with the IRA. Both Sinn Fein and the IRA played different but converging roles in the war for liberation.Whilst the movements were not officially linked it was widely thought that they were different faces of the same movement. In 2005 the British Government stated We had always said all the way through that we believed the IRA and Sinn Fein were inextricably linked and that had obvious implications at leadership level.12 Throughout the early seventies there was much internal argument between factions of the IRA and Sinn Fein over whether their movements primary role should chiefly military or political, although both groups viewed Britain as a colonial occupier and therefore viewed the political process as illegal. Until 1973 Sinn Fein had little interest in politics as the party was still deemed illegal by the British Government.Political activity began in 1973 when Sinn Fein opened the Republican press centre on Falls Road. In 1973 the first attempt at negotiations to split the situation led to the Sunningdale Agreement, which devised a power sharing system in the Northern Ireland Assembly, Although this did no include Sinn Fein and quickly collapsed under pressure from loyalist thrills.13 In may 1974 British secretary of State Merlyn Rees legalised Sinn Fein as a political party.14 This was perhaps the beginning of tacit recognition by the British Government that negotiations were just now meaningful if they were directly with the IRA. Whilst local politicians such as John Hume, of the Nationalist Party, were respected they did not command enough power to have any effect. privy(p) meetings between Provisional IRA leaders Ruairi OBradaigh and Billy McKee with Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Merlyn Rees resulted in a ceasefire which began in February 1975.15 The truce prov ed to be smuggled for the IRA leading to infiltration by many British informers into their ranks. After a build up of tensions and a series of sectarian killings the ceasefire broke quite a little in January 1976.16 It was clear that the original aims of the IRA leadership for a quick military victory were receding. It was acts of violence by British authorities that justified the military side of the movement and ensured tensions would continue for years to come.As Sinn Fein began to move into the political process so did many former revolutionaries and IRA members. One such psyche was Gerry Adams after being in prison for alleged IRA membership17 he turned himself in a new direction a moved towards the political process. In 1978 he was elected as the vice president of Sinn Fein. This most likely came as a result of the realisation by many of age(p) figures that it was becoming more and more unlikely that a military victory could be achieved. Whilst significant events such as B loody sunlight lead to anti-British sentiment to sky rocket many turned away from violence and embraced the political system.Protests by a number of imprisoned IRA members in Long Kesh dispose showed the power of political tactics, leading to the dominance of Sinn Fein as a political force. The 1981 hunger strike was the climax of a five year protest by Republican prisoners in Northern Ireland. The protest originally began in 197618 when the British Government removed its special category status for convicted paramilitary prisoners. This status had provided them with captive of War privileges as specified in the Geneva Convention.19 Prisoners did not have to wear prison uniforms, do prison work and were allowed to be housed within their own paramilitary factions. They were too entitled to receive extra food parcels and have extra visits. When these rights were removed by the British Government, as recommended by the Gardiner Committee20, the prisoners began a protest to gain the m back. It started with a blanket protest in which prisoners refused to wear uniforms but instead wrapped themselves in prison blankets they stated that they were not criminals but political prisoners.In 197821 the dispute escalated into a dirty protest in which prisoners refused to wash and covered their cell walls with excrement. In 1980 the first hunger strike took place but to no avail ending after 53 days.22 The second strike in 1981 is perhaps one of the best know instances of protest throughout the campaign. The strike was lead by former IRA Officer Commanding in the prison, Bobby Sands.23 At the beginning of the strike there was little progress and it didnt receive much outside support. But after five days the strike received a much needed boost the Independent Republican MP for Fermanagh and second Tyrone died and a by-election was called to appoint his replacement. It was decided that Bobby Sands would stand against the Ulster Unionist Party candidate Harry West.24 On 9 A pril 1981 Sands won a specify victory and was elected to the British House of Commons.25 The victory attracted worldwide attention and thousands of media personnel descended on Belfast. On the sixty sixth day of the hunger strikes, May 5, Sands died causing riots across Northern Ireland.One hundred thousand people lined the route of his funeral a few days later.26 In the weeks after Sands death three more hunger strikers died,27 and another by-election had to be held for the seat of Fermanagh and South Tyrone. Due to the fact that the British Government had rushed through the Representation of the People Act,28 which meant prisoners serving more than one year could not run for parliament, so Sands election agent Owen Carron had to run instead. He claimed a similar victory gaining a larger percentage of the votes.The success of hunger strike created a firm platform for Irish republicanism and paved the way for the positive entry of Sinn Fein into electoral politics the following ye ar. It was also around this period that the British Government began reforming its policies in relation to the IRA and Sinn Fein. They now viewed Sinn Fein as a legitimate political movement who would be included in official negotiations. The achievements of the hunger strikers proved the power of political activism as opposed to violence they also exposed the falseness of the British Governments claim that the Republican movement had no support.The events of 1969-82 transformed the Republican movement from a violence orientated force to a significant political force. As Sinn Fein began to grow as a political force the IRA slowly, and with considerable internal difficulties, changed its ways. This eventually paved the way for an official ceasefire in 1994. Their agreement to decommission their weapons meant that Sinn Fein was allowed to come to the negotiation table and play a significant role in the Good Friday agreement of 1998.That agreement resulted in a devolved power sharing s tructure of self government for Northern Ireland, whilst it still remained within the United Kingdom.29 In 2007 Martin McGuiness of Sinn Fein was appointed deputy first minister and held equal power alongside Ian Paisely of the DUP in the Northern Ireland Assembly Government.30 From the split in the nationalist movement in 1969 to its reemergence throughout the seventies, alongside the IRA, there was much change. Events such as Bloody Sunday increased the military overtone of the movement but ultimately peaceful political power prevailed. Acts such as the 1981 hunger strike proved the power of political protest as compared to violence. Ultimately Sinn Fein grew into a legitimate political party and as of 2009 they became the largest party in Northern Ireland following European Parliamentary elections.31_______________________________________________________BibliographyLiterary SourcesEnglish, Richard (2003), Armed Struggle The accounting of the IRA, Pan Books, Stuttgart, Germany___ _____________________________________________________________________Geraghty, Tony (2000), The Irish War The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, USA________________________________________________________________________Hastings, Max (1970), Ulster 1969 The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland, Victor Gollancz LTD, London, United Kingdom________________________________________________________________________McEvoy, Kieran (2001), paramilitary organization Imprisonment in Northern Ireland Resistance, Management, and Release, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom________________________________________________________________________Moloney, Ed (2002), A Secret History of the IRA, Penguin Books, novel Jersey, USA________________________________________________________________________Mullan, Don (1997), Eyewitness Bloody Sunday The Truth, Wolfhound Press, Dublin, Ireland____________________________ ____________________________________________OBrien, Brendan (1995), the Long War, the IRA and Sinn Fein, Syracuse University Press, New York, USA________________________________________________________________________Electronic SourcesBBC (2009), on this day 9 Decmeber1973 (online), BBC, London, United Kingdom. Available from http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_2536000/2536767.stm (Accessed 26 July 2009)________________________________________________________________________BBC (2009), Profile Martin McGuinness (online), BBC, London, United Kingdom. Available fromhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1303355.stm (Accessed 29 July 2009)________________________________________________________________________CAIN Web Service (2009), A chronology of the conflict (online), University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom. Available fromhttp//cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch76.htm (Accessed 27 July 2009)_____________________________________________ ___________________________Lord Gardiner (1975), Report of a Committee to consider, in the context of use of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal with terrorist act in Northern Ireland Extract (online), University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom. Available from http//cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/gardiner.htm1 (Accessed July 28 2009)________________________________________________________________________McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday Extracts (online), University of Ulster, Belfast, United Kingdom. Available from http//cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/mcclean.htm (Accessed 28 July 2009)________________________________________________________________________National Archives of Ireland (no date), Documents on Irish contrary Policy Series text of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (online), Irish Government, Dublin, Ireland, Available from http//www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html (Accessed 1 rarified 2009)____________________________________________ ____________________________ indigenous Ministers Office (2005), Briefing from the Prime Ministers Official Spokesman on Anti Terror Law, President Bush/EU, Foreign Doctors in NHS, Hunting and Northern Ireland (online), British Government, London, United Kingdom, Available from http//www.number10.gov.uk/Page7148 (Accessed 29 July 20090________________________________________________________________________Sinn Fein Official Website (2009), History made Sinn Fein is now the largest party in the six counties (online), Belfast, United Kingdom, Available fromhttp//www.sinnfein.ie/contents/16580 (Accessed 29 July 2009)________________________________________________________________________University College bobfloat (2009), Multitext project in Irish History Movements for Political and Social Reform, 1870 1914 (online), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, Available from http//multitext.ucc.ie/d/Ireland_politics__administration_1870-191412TheFirstSinnFeacuteinParty (Accessed 25 Ju ly 2009)________________________________________________________________________1 National Archives of Ireland, Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Series text of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, n.d, http//www.nationalarchives.ie/topics/anglo_irish/dfaexhib2.html (1 August 2009)2 Moloney, Ed (2002), A Secret History of the IRA, Penguin Books. p. 2463 English, Richard (2003), Armed Struggle The History of the IRA, Pan Books. p. 1364 OBrien, Brendan, the Long War, the IRA and Sinn Fein (1995)5 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA. p. 806 McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday Extracts, 1997, http//cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/mcclean.htm (28 July 2009)7 Mullan, Don, Eyewitness Bloody Sunday The Truth, Wolfhound Press8 Geraghty, Tony, The Irish War The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence, unknown p. 659 Mullan, Don, Eyewitness Bloody Sunday The Truth10 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA. p. 43211 University College Cork, Multitext project in Irish Histor y Movements for Political and Social Reform, 1870 1914, 2009, http//multitext.ucc.ie/d/Ireland_politics__administration_1870-191412TheFirstSinnFeacuteinParty (25 July 2009)12 Prime Ministers Office, Briefing from the Prime Ministers Official Spokesman on Anti Terror Law, President Bush/EU, Foreign Doctors in NHS, Hunting and Northern Ireland, 21 February 2005, http//www.number10.gov.uk/Page714813 BBC, On this day 9 Decmeber1973, 2009, http//news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/9/newsid_2536000/2536767.stm (26 July 2009)14 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA15 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA16 English, Richard, Armed Struggle The History of the IRA, p. 13617 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA p. 140.18 McClean, Raymond, The Road to Bloody Sunday Extracts19 McEvoy, Kieran, Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland Resistance, Management, and Release, Oxford University Press20 Lord Gardiner, Report of a Committee to consider, in the context of civil liberties and human rights, measures to deal with terrorism in Northern Ireland Extract, 1975, http//cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/gardiner.htm1 (July 28 2009)21 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict, 2009, http//cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch76.htm (27 July 2009)22 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict23 English, Richard, Armed Struggle The History of the IRA p. 19624 Moloney, Ed, A Secret History of the IRA p. 21125 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict26 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict27 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict28 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict29 CAIN Web Service, A chronology of the conflict30 BBC, Profile Martin McGuinness, 2009, http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1303355.stm (29 July 2009)31 Sinn Fein Online, History made Sinn Fein is now the largest party in the six counties, 2009, http//www.sinnfein.ie/contents/16580 (29 July 2009)

Middle Range Theory Essay Example for Free

Middle Range Theory Essay border of the States is the largest US hope founded in 1904, it has expanded through several acquisitions. By the end of 2009, situate of America was the market leader serving 82% of the US state and over 53 one thousand million customers. They are positioned as number one in online and mobile banking. Their mobile banking services were launched in 2007 and present gained 4 million customers in less than three years. Acquisitions made by Bank of America prior to the financial crisis ca employ a very strong drop in their inception price. customers In 2009, 10 million customers used mobile banking and this is expected to grow to 37 million by 2014. Customers that use mobile banking are not the uniform as online customers. Customers that use mobile banking represent a different segment of the market that other banking customers. Security issues, a perceived low value and expense, were the prime reasons that customers did not switch to mobile bankin g. Potential customers were reluctant to try a new banking service that are represented an extra cost and they were also shocked of losing control of their finances.Debit cardholders were the most active users. It was convenient for them because they could check their account at whatever time. Customers that used this service careend their usual banking channels and as a result -the bank had a higher retention for these users of online services. Competition/Competitors Bank of Americas main competitors were Bank of New York Mellon, JP Morgan Chase Co. , Wells Fargo Co. , Citigroup, and PNC Financial Services. These competitors also used mobile banking to ensure good service for their customers.They used SMS, customized web browsers and apps, depending on the bank and the customers they served. Citibank and Wells Fargo had different practical coatings customized for their target groups. General Context Considering that the banking industry is fragmented, with thousands of bank s whirl retail and wholesale banking services ten of the largest banks hold 46. 4% of total deposits, Bank of America being the largest one. The mortgage crisis of 2009 led to a deep inlet and spilled over into a financial crisis that affected the retail banking business.Banks started waving fees and offering additional benefits in order to capture and retain customers. Mobile banking was introduced in the US in 2007 which added costs to each transaction. However, these costs were lower than call centers and interactive voice response costs. Bank of America had three options mobile messaging (mobile menstruation modification without any software installation), mobile Internet (wireless application protocol), and mobile applications. Mobile applications in particular were more sophisticated and costly. Smartphone use was estimated to grow to 46% by 2014. Development DilemmaBank of America has two options to handle the future of mobile banking 1) Build new and various applications to target different customers a) Pros i) Customers neediness customization in the products this will increase retention and satisfaction. ii) Marketing strategies can be segmented into different guinea pigs of clients. This increases efficiency and reduces costs. iii) Superior brand and innovation perception. a) Cons i) Cost of application creation will increase due to the different areas and type of customers at Bank of America ii) Any changes in the bank services will have to be applied to all apps.Some customers will have to download and use various apps at the same time 2) Refuse to add knottyness to the current application a) Pros i) No extra costs on building a new application ii) Customers that don? t like technology or doubt about security issues wont be affected b) Cons i) Other banks offer better mobile apps and this will increase their competitive advantage ii) Customer satisfaction will suffer if the app is not updated and does not fulfill their needs. iii) Transaction s will still be done through ATMs, Call centers and IVR, which are 4 to 11 times more costly.Opportunities Since Bank of America is one of the largest financial institutions in United States that has millions of customers online banking is an important feature that offers to ease transactions and provides access to guardianship statements. However, because of the multitude of services banks offer it is overly-complicated to provide all items in one bundle. Because of this complexity (to add all the banking features in one app for mobile banking) Bank of America should target tablet-users to provide all the banking features with different applications.For example Bank of America can provide tools like market reports for savvy investors or savings programs for households (where it is easier to hold the line track of expenses. ) Tablets are relatively easier to use than mobile phones. Targeting such a market at an early stage can broaden the spectrum in which Bank of America operate s its mobile banking. This opportunity which targets future markets as computers are being replaced by tablets should not be forgone.Ease of access and use for customers with multiple Bank of America services, easier tracking of frauds or errors. ) Bank of America customers will be able to access a large array of services online. c) For some high-end apps a nominal fee may be charged to cover some of the technology budget. 2) Cons a) Customer information may be at risk as it is insecure to access sensitive information online for which Bank of America will have to maintain high privacy, increasing cost. b) Some of the features may still be complex and require customer support hotline. c) Customers may act on unintended transactions involving significant funds.Recommendations Bank of America needs to improve the complexity to the current application. After analyzing the options and the opportunity, we think that Bank of America has to differentiate themselves from their competitors wh ile offering a great service to their clients, we would recommend to increase the functionality of the mobile app. This change will bring extra benefits to the different type of clients in a single download. The company will also cut costs in the type of transactions made by the clients.The continuous growth of the mobile market especially the Smartphone use is another aspect of the recommendation. Having a mobile has become a commodity for the population. The new generation will get so accustomed to this technology that they will be able to deal with any app complexity without any problem. Bank of America has to think of its future customers, not only the current mobile technology adaptors. 1) Pros a) Having a better application will differentiate the bank compared to their competitors b) Customers will have overall services in a single application.Mobile payment services would be added to the app and will attract and benefit many an(prenominal) customers. d) Transaction costs wil l become lower as the % of Smartphone users grows (46% for year 2014). 2) Cons a) Added complexity will discourage some customers to use the application b) Speed of the application may suffer if the customer has a bad connection or has too many applications downloaded in their mobile. c) The cost of developing a more complex application is larger and may require more expertise and training for employees and customers as well.

Bullying in Nursing and Horizontal Violence

Bullying in Nursing and Horizontal ViolenceAnsamma JosephIntroduction-3PART 131.1 Horizontal frenzy and bully in breast feeding-.3SUB TOPIC.51.2 Disruptive behaviour -..51.2.1 Importance of study of disruptive behaviour-..6PART 272.1 Purpose of the term-..72.2 Arguments and ideas presented by the authors-.82.3 The quality and value of the article-.82.4 Brief reflection of using sources-92.5 Conclusion-9References..10Introduction-The topic is based on the around vital issues go about by the wellness fear settings in relation to employee management and relationships. In the field of nursing practice, horizontal violence and blusterous in health fretfulness organizations is the areas under study in this assignment. In health care centres, the distribution of force play whitethorn not be appropriate, the prevailing culture and organisational grammatical construction may not favour positive employee bonding. Nurses may be subject to violence such as insult, abuse, poor treatme nt and rude behaviour from the sr. faculty members, doctors or by management. Generally nurses prefer not to complain against the seniors, and even after complaint they do not become appropriate solution. So the function is very worse now a twenty-four hours. In context of horizontal violence and bullying, the current study will extensively focus on disruptive behaviour towards nurses.PART 11.1 Horizontal violence and bullying in nursing-Horizontal violence is the violence made by same direct of employees arguing. In a health care organisation when a nurse abused physically, verbally or emotionally by the senior nurses, it is called horizontal violence. on that point are several fountains of creating horizontal violence in health care setting those are sabotage, verbal affront, withholding information, infighting, backstabbing, and failure to respect privacy, non-verbal innuendo, undermining activities and broken arrogance (Bartholomew, 2006).Reason of Horizontal ViolenceSa botageVerbal AffrontInfightingNon Verbal InnuendoUndermining ActivitiesBack StabbingWithholding InformationFailure to Respect covertBroken ConfidenceFigure 1- Reasons for horizontal violence(Bartholomew, 2006 p-86)Bullying in nursing is occur when the senior nurses or senior doctors misuse their power and does insulting behaviour to nurses. In present clock bullying is going on continuously and systematically. The nursing supervisor and senior doctors are bullying by offensive abusive, intimidating to the ply nurses. As the nurses dont have more power so, they roll in the hayt say anything to their seniors.Now a day the nurses complain against the horizontal violence and bulling. check to statistics 48% nurse complain for verbal abuses whereas 43% complain about threaten (www.aorn.org/PracticeResources).Horizontal violence and bullying badly affect the staff nurses because through horizontal violence and bullying the nurses exhausted mentally and physically and feel threaten, h umiliate, upset and this situation break the nurses egotism confidence. Gradually the nurses feel sick by tolerating these types of behaviour. According to the Longo (2007) because of anger, depression, survive push, insomnia, increasing stress, anxiety, and loneliness are responsible for this bullying. Not only for the senior staff, due to organisational structure and culture may nurses feel stress. Inadequate training, less salary, toxic environment in like manner makes the nurses in trouble.In the course of horizontal violence and bullying the work place or the health care setting is as well badly affect as the nurses are very upset so they cant lead good services. The service quality is decreasing due to over time and bad work environment. The stressful nurses are showing their angry on the patients and the patients may dissatisfy with their behaviour.SUB TOPIC1.2 Disruptive behaviour Disruptive behaviour is mostly unemotional behaviour done by an individual or a group t o other person. In a health care organisation when the senior nurses rudely and roughly transmit with staff nurses then it is also called disruptive behaviour. These types of behaviour have badly impact on the performance of the staff nurses. As the nurses belong from health care organisation so they should hold back the culture of safety, but because of disruptive behaviour the nurses cannot maintain the culture of safety. In an organisation all the members maintain a good communication by which the staff can provide best services, but as the nurses are stressed so they are not equal to serve good care. According to Hughes (2009), this surreptitious behaviour involves in verbal communication so the nurses are easily made harsh. Most of the nurses lost their interest in work, increase the swan of absenteeism and also dont want to sustain in the organisation.Element of DisruptivebehaviourMisbehaviour by PhysicianSupervising NursePatients and their FamilyFigure 2 Element of disr uptive behaviour(Hughes, 2009, p-35)1.2.1 Importance of study of disruptive behavior-It is important to study the disruptive behaviour and also must recognize the reason behind disruptiveness. Only the study can give the solution of this caper. Nurses are most important factor in a health care setting, because they provide the services mean they take care the patients. If the nurses are not mentally and physically stable so they can provide proper services to the patients. In the course of study of disruptive behaviour the organisation may know the reason behind the disruptive behaviour and they can take effective stopping point to avoid this (www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/FactSheets/NursingShortage.htm). According to Hutchinson (2010) in a health care organisation if the organisational management identify the appropriate reason of disruptiveness and give the proper solution, then the patients get proper take care from the nurses and it also possible to decrease the redundant rate of nu rses from the organisation. The staff nurses get facilities because of good work environment and they will able to maintain the culture of safety.Effect of Disruptive BehaviourAffected entire OrganizationAbsenteeism and Redundant of NursesPatients affected due poor ServicesFigure 3 Effect of disruptive behaviour(Hutchinson, 2010, p-180)PART 22.1 Purpose of the article-In contemporary scenario horizontal violence and bullying is creating worse situation not only in health care organisation, in every organisation. Due to horizontal violence and bullying the employees are behaving badly and humiliate to same level employees or lower level employees. This situation is creation a worse work culture in the organisation. As the nurses are belonging from health care organisation so by lateral violence and bulling patients are more affected. The nurses get upset with continuous humiliation (Knopper, 2009). They cant serve in proper way. This situation is badly affecting the reputation of th e organisation.The researcher had chosen this article because recognizing its importance. In everyday life every person needs the health care organisation and if the employees of health care organisation is not provide proper services then the patient will badly affected. Apart from that this problem is now shown in most of the health care organisation. So the organisational management has to take decision very fast to avoid this bad behaviour by which they create a good and flexible work environment for the nurses and the nurses provide proper services. The organisational management incorporates the reason from the study, so this study is most important.2.2 Arguments and ideas presented by the authors-In contemporary situation as the lateral violence and bullying is sensitive issue so several authors had researched on this topic to identify the actual reason. According to Stowkowski (2008) organisational staffs are the main reason of violence and bulling, because several nurses hav e poor moral and value in their personal life and the nurses are used those value in professional place so they badly behave with their staffs. Whereas Simmons (2008) argued that all senior nurses are not bad in nature. Excess work pressure and stress make the nurses annoyed and anxiety and for that reason when they will communicate with their staffs it is affected. Insomnia is one of the big reasons of making anxiety of disruptive behaviour.Randle (2007) opined that the physician, the patient and the family of the patients are also responsible of lateral violence and bullying. Most of the cases the physician abuse to the supervising nurse and they show their anger to staff nurses. Apart from that the patients and their family also misbehave with the nurses and most of the nurses cant express in front of them. In this situation they feel humiliation and increase absenteeism and redundant. According to Knopper (2009) the physician does miscommunication with the nurses when they go to them for clarify medicament prescription.On the other hand according to Hughes, (2009) the organisation is also responsible for bullying and lateral violence. The organisation paid less salary, demand over time job from the nurses due to less employee recruitment. For those reason the nurses also feel anxiety and result is horizontal violence and bullying, where the author Bartholomew (2006) also add the backstabbing, verbal affront, infighting betwixt the employees, and personal problem also the reason of horizontal violence and bulling.2.3 The quality and value of the article-The overall data used in the topic is up to date and not vague. The information is not manipulated. As this is used for academic purpose not for commercial purpose the researcher used all up to date sources. To make a good and valuable assignment the researchers used secondary data collection method and collect effective information from those data. These information help to the researcher to understand the topic and the reason related to the topic.2.4 Brief reflection of using sources-During the time of researching the researcher had faced several problems. Most of the nurses can reveal their problem to other as they have chance to cut out of job from the organisation. The nurses also dont want to complain against senior nurses and physician. From the research the researcher also gain lots of social issues. The powerful person always gets more facilities comparing to lower level staff. In a health organisation most important factor is strong work environment and maintaining culture of safety.2.5 Conclusion-From the above topic it is conclude that horizontal violence and bulling in nursing is a big issue that makes a critical situation in health care organisation. The physician, patient and their family, supervising nurses are behave very bad and humiliate to the staff nurses most of the time. This is the reason the nurses get upset and also feel annoyed and anxiety and gradually it i ncrease the rate of absenteeism and redundant.Reference-American Association of Colleges of Nurses (2007, October), Nursing Shortage, Retrieved December 4, 2007, from http//www.aacn.nche.edu/Media/FactSheets/NursingShortage.htm.AORN, (2006), Creating a Patient Safety Culture. Retrieved January 7, 2008, from http//www.aorn.org/PracticeResources/AORNPositionStatements/Position_Creating a Patient Safety Culture.Bartholomew, K. (2006). Ending nurse-to nurse hostility, Marblehead, MA 01945 HCPRO, Inc.Hughes, N. (2009). Bullies in health care beware. American Nurse Today. 3(6), 35.Hutchinson,M., Wilkes, L.,Jackson,D., Vickers, M. (2010), Integrating individual, work group and organizational factors Testing a multidimensional model of bullying in the nursing workplace. Journal of Nursing Management, 18(2), 173-181.Knopper, M. (2009), Putting a stop to medical road rage. Clinician Reviews, 19(1), 8.Longo, J., Sherman, R. O. (2007), levelling horizontal violence, Nursing Management, 38(3), 34- 37, 50, 51.Randle, J., Stevenson,K., Grayling L. (2007), Reducing workplace bullying inhealthcare organizations. Nursing Standard, 21(22), 49-56.Stowkowski,L.(2008), A callto endbullying in theworkplace, Advancesin Neonatal Care, 8(5), 252-253.Simmons,S.(2008) Workplace bullying experiencedby Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organization, Advances in Nursing Science 31(2), E48 E59.1

Brugada Syndrome: Sudden Cardiac Death | Literature Review

Brugada Syndrome Sudden Cardiac Death Literature ReviewBRUGADA SYNDROME fast CARDIAC DEATHReview of Literature and Case Report.Dr. Nanda PaiDr. Sanjeeta UmbarkarDr. Akshay BafnaDr. Jinal VaghelaKEYWORDSBrugada Syndrome, sudden unexpected death syndrome (SUDS)ABSTRACTBrugada Syndrome or Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome was first observed by P. Brugada and J. Brugada in 19921. It is a rare genetic disorder characterised by ST part upside in V1 V3 trails on cardiogram, ventricular fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias which can designer sudden unexpected death in an otherwise normal patient. We wish to upliftedlight the fact that with thorough pre-operative anaesthetic and cardiac evaluation these potentially emotional state threatening patients can be effectively treated for minor oral surgical procedures apply regional anesthesia with lignocaine on that pointby avoiding general anaesthesia.INTRODUCTIONIn 1992, Pedro and Josep Brugada for the first time introduced a new clinical entity with ST segment elevation in V1 V3 leads and right bundle branch block (RBBB) pattern associated with a extravagantly incidence of ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF)1. This new entity was termed Brugada Syndrome (BrS) or Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome (SUDS), occurring in structurally healthy centerfields in young individuals, make life threatening arrhythmias and sudden death. Most of the patients are between second and fourth decades of life however the youngest patient clinically diagnosed with the syndrome is 2 days erstwhile(a) and the oldest is 84 years old2. There is a male predilection, due to the presence of more prominent Ito channels in males than in females3 and in umteen countries it is the 2nd highest cause of death in younger men after vehicular accidents.Signs and symptoms include presyncopal and syncopal attacks and cardiac arrest (many a times during sleep). Routine cardiogram shows ST segment elevation in leads V1 V3. Fever may precede syncope or tachycardia. There are 3 types of Brugada electrocardiogram PatternsType 1 coved type, where ST segment elevation 2 mm.Type 2 saddle fanny type, where ST segment elevation 2mm with positive T wave.Type 3 coved or saddle back type, where ST segment elevation Brugada Syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. In 1998, the Syndrome was linked to mutations in SCN5A, the gene that encodes the alpha subunit for the sodium channel and since whence over 300 mutations of SCN5A have been identified4. Mutations of gene SCN5A cause loss of expression of sodium channel protein which decreases the sodium current resulting in slow conduction in the heart. Bezzina et al presented evidence supporting the theory that an SCN5A booster polymorphism, common in Asian modulates, variability in cardiac conduction and may contribute to the high prevalence of Brugada Syndrome in Asian population5.CASE REPORTA 27 year old male patient reported in the department o f dentistry, with torture pain in lower right second molar and insisted on getting it extracted. Clinical examination and orthopantomogram revealed an extremely carious second molar. The patient was a recently diagnosed case of Brugada Syndrome (Type 3). He gave a fib of chest pain about 7 years ago, however, a couple of months ago he had obstinate chest pain for which he was admitted in the intensive care unit for about 10 days, during which time he had 3 presyncopal attacks. On cardiac evaluation, ECG revealed an elevated ST segment in V1 V3 leads and partial RBBB pattern but structurally normal heart valves with normal pericardium and absence clots or vegetation. His left ventricular expulsion fraction was 60%. CST (Cardiac Stress Test) was performed by Bruce protocol where patient walked for 30 minutes with 10.1 METS which showed no angina/arrhythmia. Basal ECG showed RBBB persisted throughout the test. However there were no significant ST segment changes during the test. A dequate chronotropic and ionotropic response was achieved. CST was negative for stress induced reversible ischaemia/and for arrhytmia. His family history revealed sudden death of his father at a younger age (42 years) with unknown cause. However, there was no diagnosed case of Brugada Syndrome in the family. His past surgical history revealed an appendicectomy and septoplasty. He was a continuing smoker and occasionally consumed alcohol.Since it was a minor dental surgical procedure and given the patients history, the tooth extraction was planned under local anaesthesia exploitation lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (12, 00,000) thereby avoiding general anaesthesia and the various drugs used with it that could trigger ventricular tachycardia in a BrS patient. Given the patients history of chest pain and diagnosis of Brugada Syndrome, patient was thoroughly evaluated by the anaesthetist and cardiologist prior to the dental treatment. High risk fitness was obtained.The patien t was interpreted up in the intensive care unit. A ventilator and a defibrillator were kept standby. A 12 lead ECG was attached and was monitored continuously throughout the procedure. An I.V. line was secured. The anaesthetist and cardiologist along with the maxillofacial surgeons formed the surgical team. A right inferior alveolar nerve block was given using 3 ml lignocaine with adrenaline solution. Another 1 ml was used for intra-pulpal infiltration. After checking for subjective and objective signs the tooth was surgically extracted after sectioning the roots. The wound was closed using 3 0 vicryl. Patient tolerated the procedure well. Intra operatively patient was given 4 mg Dexamethasone along with injection Augmentin (Amoxicillin Clavulanate) 1.2 gm. Post operatively he was put on oral tablet Augmentin 625 mg and tablet Paracetamol twice a day. Patient was discharged the same day and was followed up in the dental department.DISCUSSIONBrugada Syndrome is a major cause of sudd en unexplained death syndrome (SUDS) and death is caused by ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation (a lethal arrhythmia) in the heart which appears with no warning. The diagnosis in Brugada Syndrome is based on the characteristic patterns on an electrocardiogram, which may be routinely precipitated by administration of certain drugs (ajmaline or flecainide). Brugada ECG pattern is very often hidden, but certain factors can unmask or trigger it same(p) sodium channel blockers, febrile state, vagotonic agents, autonomic nauseating system changes, uppity stress, tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants, first generation antihistamines (dimenhydrinate), a combination of glucose and insulin, hyperkalaemia, hypokalaemia, hypercalcaemia, alcohol toxicity, heavy meals at night just before sleeping, excessive vomiting, hot humid climatic conditions6.According to Nademanee and Veerakul6, north-eastern part of Thailand where SUDS is prevalent and where temperatures can soar to 41oC a stud y is underway to gauge the climatic influences on occurrence of SUDS and they feel that physicians should factor in temperature as a cause of arrhythmogenesis in BrS. Several drugs could precipitate ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation which are listed in globe Brugada registry in http//www.brugadadrugs.org (Accessibility verified July 04, 2014). All Brugada patients and their treating physicians should be aware of these precipitating drugs at all times.Many Brugada patients are asymptomatic and the classical pattern on ECG is picked up only by an experienced and trained physician. This pattern should be correlated with age of patient, family history, chest pain, fever and presyncopal/syncopal attacks. Bupivacaine has been reported to unmask Brugada like ECG patterns when administered epidurally7. Hence we avoided bupivacaine and used lidocaine with adrenaline (12, 00,000 dilution) instead for our patient which was well tolerated by him. Lignocaine (class 1b antiarrythmic agent ) displays rapid dissociation kinetics and produces little to no ST segment elevation in patients with congenital BrS8. The ventricular tachycardia in BrS can be prevented by avoiding certain aggravating factors like medication, drugs, fever and excessive stress. Brugada patients need to be regularly followed up over a long period of time. In severe cases the only line of treatment is placement of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).Kloesel et al9 in 2011 did a literature face and compared results of previous reports with theirs regarding outcomes of patients with BrS who underwent surgeries and anaesthetic care and found 21 case reports and 4 case series. They collected data of 52 anaesthetics and 43 patients. In our literature lookup we found mention of only 2 patients of BrS who underwent surgeries in the maxillofacial region. 1) Plate fixation for mandibular fracture in 56 year old male. 2) Tooth extraction, scribble and drainage of odontogenic infection in 55 ye ar old male10. However both these patients were treated under general anaesthesia. We decided to avoid general anaesthesia thereby keeping the drugs to be used to the minimum.By thorough pre-anaesthetic evaluation, proper patient counselling, intra-operative pain control using optimum amount of lignocaine, 12 lead ECG continuously monitored at all times during procedure, constant blood pressure monitoring, avoiding use of certain drugs like bupivacaine, keeping a defibrillator standby and by having a cardiologist and anaesthetist in your surgical team these patients can be successfully managed. Post-operatively ICU monitoring is must for a minimum of 4 hours. There is a dearth of articles in the Maxillofacial and Dental literature regarding the management of these patients and we feel there is a need of more awareness of this not so rare cardiac condition among the dental and maxillofacial surgeons. With proper planning these patients with potentially life threatening and unique car diac conditions can be safely and efficiently managed by maxillofacial surgeons for dental treatment.FUNDINGNone.COMPETING INTERESTSNone declared.ETHICAL APPROVALNot Required.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would like to thank Dr. Kuldeep and Dr. Arvind Singh, 1st year Residents, section of Cardiology, KEMH Dr. Yogesh Naik, Assistant Professor, Department of Anaesthesia, KEMH for their support throughout the treatment and co-operation.REFERENCESBrugada P, Brugada J. Right bundle branch block, persistent ST segment elevation and sudden cardiac death A distinct clinical and electrocardiographic syndrome. A multicenter report. J. Am Coll Cardiology 1992 20 1391-1396.Antzelvich C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, Brugada J, Brugada R, Coraddo P, et al. Brugada Syndrome Report of the second consensus conference. Endorsed by the Heart heartbeat Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association Circulation 2005 111 659-70.Diego J M, Condiero J M, Goodrow R J, Fish J M, Zygmunt A C, Perez G J, et al. Ionic and cellular basis for the predominance of the Brugada Syndrome phenotype in males. Circulation 2002 106 2004-11.Chen Q, Kirsch G E, Zhang D, et al. Genetic basis and molecular mechanism for idiopathic ventricular fibrillation nature. 199 392 293.C R Bezzina, W Simizu, P Yang, Tamara T, Koopmann M Tanck, et al. Common sodium channel promoter haplotype in Asian subjects underlies variability in cardiac conduction. Circulation 2006 113 338-344.Gumpanart Veerakul M D, Koonlawee Nademanee M D. Brugada Syndrome two decades of progress. Circ. Journal 2012 76 2713-2722.Phillips N, Priestly M, Denniss A R et al. Brugada type electrocardiographic pattern induced by epidural bupivacaine. Anaesthesia Analogue. 97 264 2003.8. Hideki Itoh, Keiko Tsuji,Tomoko Sakaguchi,Iori Nagaoka,Yuko Oka,et al . A paradoxical effect of lidocaine for the N406S mutation of SCN5Aassociated with Brugada syndrome. International Journal Of Cardiology. 2007 121 (3) 239-248.Benjamin Kloesel, Michael J Ackerman, Juraj Sprung, Bradly J. Narr, Toby N. Weingarter. anaesthetic agent management of patients with Brugada Syndrome A case series and literature review. Can Journal Anaesthesia / Can Anaes 2011. 58 824-836.Nicholas Theododu, Joseph E. Cillo. Brugada Syndrome (Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome) Perioperative and Anaesthetic Management in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 67 (9) 20121-25.

Brand and company analysis of Titan

Brand and company analysis of giant starIn early 80s, it was set by the Tata Group that the watch intentness is a huge potential consumer market for the group to enter. A Tata veteran, Xerxes Desai who was the MD of Tata Press was chosen to head this initiative. colossus was conceived in Tata Press in 1984- a joint venture between Tata the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation. Like most consumer markets in India during the pre-liberalization era, the watch industry was way behind the rest of the world. The technology at that metre was reliable, but outdated. Tata Group entered the watch market with Quartz technology and the fall guy hulk.Brand identity-Kapferers modelPhysique is an exterior tangible facet conveying brand qualities, form, physical ad hocities and colour. Physique is the starting point of branding. hulk Elegant corporate wear, Life-style watches reputation is an internal intangible facet which forms the character, brand personality and soul which ar e relevant for brands. heavyweight A complement to dress than just a time showing machineRelationship is an exterior facet with tangible and intangible areas, and defines the behaviour that indentifies the brand the way the brand connects to its customers.TITAN Watches as a pragmatical luxury with a function other than beautyCulture is an internal intangible facet to integrate the brand into the organization which is essential in differentiating brands.TITAN Indian, traditional and premium qualityReflection is an external intangible facet reflecting the customer as he or she wishes to be seen as a matter of using a brand.TITAN Lives life to the fullest, multi-faceted, revives aspirationsSelf-Image is an internal intangible facet reflecting the customer attitude towards the brand. These inner thoughts connect personal inner relationship with the brand.TITAN Be whatever you want to be and extract more from life horizontal surface in the PLCXylysFastrackSonata1984Extension of Maturi ty phase through REPOSITIONING gross salesTime heavyweights winning story began in the year 1984 when there was a joint venture between the Tata Group and the Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation. Introducing goliath quartz watches which donned an international appearance, Titan Industries completely transformed the Indian watch industry. After the launch of Sonata, a value-for-money brand which offered functionally styled watches at reasonable prices, Titan Industries aimed to reach the youth of the nation with its third trendy and chic brand Fastrack. Till date, Titan has sold 100mn watches worldwide and it produces 12mn watches per annum.Steps taken by brand at each stageAt Product LevelStage I IntroductionTitan offers a broad garland of choices to numerous segments crossways taste, gender, age and economic status. in the early days, Titan employ this approach path as the cornerstone of its leadership strategy. Their former range had discrete offerings for specific r equirementsGold plated cases having fine leather straps were Formal watches launched specially for the executiveGold plated cases having ornamental bracelets were Dress watches launched for those who select jewelleryAll steel watches with functionality were the Rugged watches for those whose role demanded more durabilityStage II GrowthLaunched Aqura In 1989, the trendy range for the youthRaga in 1992, the ethnic range for the sophisticated Indian charwomanInsignia in 1993, typical and international appearing high-end watches, for those who seek exclusivityLaunched psi 2000 in 1994, the rugged, sporty and masculine watches with serious sports features for those who seek adventure.Dash in 1996, the bright and sporty sight for kidsLaunched Sonata in 1997, the affordable, good quality range for the budget-consciousStage III MaturityTitan came out with Fastrack in 1998, the cool, fashionable and funky range for the puppylikeNebula in 1999, the solid gold and diamond-studded range o f luxury watches for affluent peopleSteel in 2001, the smart and contemporary collection for the young 21st cytosine executiveIn 2006, launched its premium watch brand XylysAlso in 2008, Titan came out with unique collections like the Octane, Diva, WWF and ZoopAt Communication LevelStage I IntroductionTitan decided to invest to a great extent into exhibiting all its innovations to the prospective consumers using publicizing. From the very first day, the roll advertising of Titan was used and it turned out to be its hallmark as it was applied regularly and was very effective in merchandising new models. These catalogue ads were also very helpful to the customers in shopping off the newspaper page, almost deciding which model they were interested in picking up. Retailers also got used to viewing customers who would walk into shops with newspaper cuttings, specifically asking for the models depicted there. The same approach is continued till this day, with almost the same effect.The most persisting burst of the Titan advertising has been its music track. It was a segment from Mozarts 25th Symphony which was chosen for its class and western vibes and has become Indian Advertisings most memorable track. It started in 1987 in its pure classical versions with only one violin playing the melody and over the years, this piece of music has been delivered in innumerable innovational versions.Stage II GrowthIn the early 90s, Titan focused on building up the Gifting market. Watches had always been favourite things to lay out and Titan benefited from that. A set of 3 films were developed in 1991 around 3 relationships, where the gifting of a Titan climaxed in a touching personal moment and strengthened the stick between the protagonists. All these films were very big hits and they created a separate genre of advertising films lasting around 8 years. During these years, a series of films involving a variety of characters such as a father, a daughter, a teacher, a boy friend etc. with local flavour were created and released. These helped in building a huge gift segment for Titan and also became Titans Theme Campaign.Another flourishing customer-facing aspect about Titan has been its stores. In a pioneering attempt which drastically altered the industry standards, the World of Titan was born. Located in the newer parts of a city, the showrooms immediately stood out on the street and ended up in attracting a mess of walk-ins. One could get a better idea about the collection through a contextual presentation and could make up his mind which collection was right for his requirement.Stage III MaturityTitan Industries decided to revamp its flagship watch brand with the purpose of making it more youthful and relevant to the ever-changing propagation. The brand underwent a major repositioning exercise in 2005, when Hindi film actor Aamir Khan was appointed brand ambassador and it was followed by the tagline Whats Your flair? campaign. It tried to inc rease watch consumption per person, by suggesting the use of different watches for different occasions.In 2008, Titan moved from style statements to personality statements. With the explosion of options in a persons life, their core consumer was changing. Titan has evolved and adopted the tagline Be More. It denotes the aspirations of consumers to make more of their lives and be whatever they want to be.Market Scenario/ChallengesMajority of the watch customers tend to prefer Titan because of the appealing designs and supreme quality of Titan watches. However, there is a misconception in the minds of the consumers about the prices of Titan products as they find them to be pretty expensive. Titan is now trying to get hold of newer customer segments and are attempting to target all the adults in SEC A and SEC B. Titan is also considering travel retail strategies and is projecting to launch modern product collections.SummaryTitan is the 5th largest branded watch producer in the world w ith four major brands in the market namely Titan, Sonata, Fastrack and Xylys, all having several sub-brands and collections. Titan Industries commenced operations with groundbreaking offerings, i.e. Quartz watches which altered the look of the Indian watch industry. Ideas which were ahead of their times at Titan Industries led to substantial accomplishments such as Single Point Solutions to each and every Original Equipment Manufacturer customer.Titan watches are accessible at exclusive World of Titan outlets, Fastrack outlets, multi brand dealers, Multi brand outlet Helios and multi brand stores. Taking the forecast of brand fatigue earnestly, the brand recreated itself with the flawlessly styled Euro watches collection.In the near future, Titan can introduce an exclusive assemblage for Executive men and women which is contemporary and goes well with both the traditional as well as western wear. Also, the brand needs to spread more awareness about the availability of its lesser-pr iced watches in lower segments of the society as most of the consumers feel that Titan brand is synonymous with premium watches.

Architecture Of The California Missions Essays -- Architecture Essays

The Architectural History of the California Missions(1769-1823)You may already know that there are 21 missions to daytime in the state of California. Starting in San Diego all the way past San Francisco, the missions remind us of an earlier time when the Spanish were colonizing Alta California. The California missions were started because the Spanish king wanted to create permanent settlements in the area of the New World called Alta California. The decision to create Spanish missions in California was political as well as religious. The Spanish government wanted to gain control in California before the Russians did. They also wanted to spread Christianity among the Native Americans (Johnson, knave 5). Most of todays missions are active churches, some have held mass non-stop since their founding. Others are part of the California State Park system. All are modern day treasures and a path backwards in time to our beginnings. They have influenced many aspects of our history, and c ontinue to be an important part of our state today. Thousands of people annually promise the Missions and they find its architecture beautiful and interesting. The architecture of the California missions was influenced by many factors like the limitation in the materials, the lack of skilled workers, and the desire of the founding priest to imitate the structure of his Spanish homeland.The first thing they would do in the construction of missions was to find a location. Then they would decide what the position would be so that they would take the best advantage of the suns position for interior illumination (Baer, page 42). After the position, they would lay out a map describing where everything would be located and constructed jump from the pr... ...ssion had its purpose, for example the windows were placed high for a reason not so that they would look nice. They would place them high so that they would allow the most light in and also to protect themselves from future attacks. I only look forward to that you could learn some of the interesting information that I learned through the reading of my paper, hope you like,BIBLIOGRAPHY1.)Baer, k. computer architecture of the California Missions. Los Angeles, CA university of California press, 1958.2.)Camphouse, M. Guidebook to the Missions of California. Los Angeles, CA Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, 1974.3.)Egenhoff, E. Fabrica. California Journal of Mines and Geology. 19524.)Johnson, P. The California Missions. Menlo Park, CA Lane Book Company, 1964.5.)Newcomb, R. The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California. New York, NY Dover Publications, Inc, 1973.

To Sir with Love: discourses, positions and relationships :: To Sir, with Love Essays

Research PaperIdentify and discuss professional issues in education evident in a painting or a piece of young peoples literature in which a teacher plays a fairly cental role.This essay go forth critically analyse the discourses, positions and relationships, as well as certain individuals habitus (after Bourdieu and Wacquant, 1992, cited in Gale & Densmore, 2000), which influence the classroom of Mark Thackeray (Sidney Potier) in the film To Sir with Love (Clavell, 1966). Via this analysis, I argue that the film portrays a simplistic, commercial palatable rather than a realistic image of the challenges of teaching, leading the viewer to a distorted perception of the implications of the various discourses employed.In order to clarify this point, I compare several(prenominal) incidents depicted in the film, with the same incidents as they are described in the autobiographical obligate by E.R. Braithwaite(Braithwaite, 1959), upon which the film is based. In doing so, I will evaluat e the pedagogy of the films teacher (Thackeray) against the standards set for graduates and teachers respectively by the Queensland Board of Teacher Registration (hereafter BTR) and rearing Queensland (hereafter EQ). Identifying the faulty conclusions which an uncritical viewing of the film may lead to, with regard to the availability of equal opportunity and social justice, I will make peculiar(prenominal) recommendations for reconstructed teaching practice, drawing on literature on social justice and democratic schooling. The film To Sir, with Love (hereafter the film), centres around three interlinked laissez-faire(a) assumptions that social and economic feeler is sure if one tries hard enough (meritocracy), that race and class are no barrier to social and economic advancement (equal playing-field), and that innate talent rather than learnt skill, plays the most crucial role in a persons success (giftedness). These will be referred to in turn below.In contrast to this individ ualist stance, E.R.Braithwaite describes early in his book To Sir, With Love (hereafter the book) how his race had mitigated against his acquiring an engineering position for several years, despite excellent qualifications. He reacts to these difficulties by presenting his students with many examples of the interdependency of humanity the brotherhood of Man. In the film, Mark Thackeray too, continues to apply for engineering positions while teaching at North Quay Secondary.. Only at the end of the film is he finally offered the lowly post of Third Assistant Engineer by a unattackable outside of London, despite his astounding qualifications, but paradoxically it seems this event is meant to emphasise the recurrent theme of the cinematic retelling of this story that Anything is possible with enough persistence and effort.